Seinfeld E D, Balchum O J
Am Fam Physician. 1977 Feb;15(2):140-8.
Pulmonary embolization from occult venous thrombosis in the lower extremities occurs in previously well individuals of all ages. Incomplete or hemorrhagic pulmonary infarction may result. The incomplete pulmonary infarction syndrome (IPIS) is characterized by sudden onset of pain in the lower chest, knife-like and stabbing in quality and accentuated by breathing, with pathognomonic abnormalities on chest x-rays. The physician should hospitalize the patient, begin heparinization and confirm the diagnosis with daily chest x-rays in multiple views. Failure to promptly diagnose and treat IPIS may lead to catastrophic, massive pulmonary embolism and death, or to recurrent embolism with pulmonary hypertension and chronic cor pulmonale, resulting in incapacitating dyspnea on exertion, and disability.
隐匿性下肢静脉血栓形成导致的肺栓塞可发生于各年龄段既往健康的个体。可能会出现不完全性或出血性肺梗死。不完全性肺梗死综合征（IPIS）的特征为下胸部突发疼痛，性质如刀割样、刺痛，呼吸时加重，胸部X线有特征性异常表现。医生应将患者收住院，开始肝素化治疗，并通过每日多次胸部X线检查来确诊。未能及时诊断和治疗IPIS可能导致灾难性的大面积肺栓塞和死亡，或导致反复栓塞伴肺动脉高压和慢性肺源性心脏病，从而导致劳力性呼吸困难和残疾。
