Current status of liver transplantation (LT) in France and specificities of French ethical attitudes concerning LT.

The authors report first on the current status of liver transplantation in France and underline its exponential development. The main indications for this procedure are outlined for adults as well as for children. The modalities of distribution of livers harvested by strictly controlled university teams are also briefly described. The specificities of French ethical attitudes towards liver transplantation are discussed. They concern the donor, the recipient and the society. Legal dispositions stipulating the presumed consent of the donor and accrediting the notion of "cerebral death" have eased the development of liver transplantation in France. Despite these measures shortage in liver available for grafts results in still too large waiting list and fosters nation-wide campaign to encourage organ donation. There is, in France, a strong consensus for a strict sticking to the absolute principles of gratuity of organ donation and non-marketing of excised organs available for graft. As stated recently by Thomas Starzl, liver transplantation has become the second most commonly performed solid organ transplant after kidney transplant. In the latin Europe, the idea of organ transplantation is in the mind of people for a long time as illustrated from paintings or carvings that can still be seen in several roman catholic churches of the Middle Age. Although, liver transplantation in man developed only after the pioneer work of Thomas Starzl in Pittsburg, it is fair to recall that Alexis Carrel (1908, Noble Prize), from France, opened the way to organ transplantation by performing in animals the first vascular sutures and organ auto- or homografts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)