The role of the therapeutic alliance in psychotherapy.

The article traces the development of the concept of the therapeutic working alliance from its psychodynamic origins to current pantheoretical formulations. Research on the alliance is reviewed under four headings: the relation between a positive alliance and success in therapy, the path of the alliance over time, the examination of variables that predispose individuals to develop a strong alliance, and the exploration of the in-therapy factors that influence the development of a positive alliance. Important areas for further research are also noted.