Finding equilibrium in U.S. physician supply.

One essential component of health system reform is to bring the number of physicians in line with the needs of the population. The physician supply policies of prepaid group practice health maintenance organizations have been cited as one model to achieve this goal. Planning for physician supply should be an explicit public-sector activity and should not be left to the private sector, because some areas are not sufficiently populated to support competing providers under a managed competition scheme. A new model for planning for physician supply should include the following strategies: (1) erecting barriers to entry into medical practice; (2) encouraging early retirement; (3) restructuring economic incentives; (4) reallocating physicians to underserved areas in the United States and abroad; and (5) creating new areas of professional responsibility for physicians.