Johnson B L, Stromme S B, Adamczyk J W, Tennoe K O
Phys Ther. 1977 Mar;57(3):273-8. doi: 10.1093/ptj/57.3.273.
Oxygen comsumption and heart rate response during identical calisthenic-type exercises performed on land and in the water were compared in eight subjects. Both the heart rate and the oxygen uptake were greater during exercises in water. Although gravity is the primary resistance to movement on land, viscosity friction and turbulence are dominant resistive factors in the water. The results of this study indicate that the latter two factors provide a greater load during exercise than the resistance of gravity in land exercises. At a moderate rhythm of leg exercises, oxygen consumption increased about ten times over resting values in the water for men subjects and about seven times for women. Arm exercise performed in the water require less energy than leg exercises in water, but arm exercises require significantly more oxygen when performed in water than the same exercises performed on land.
对8名受试者在陆地上和水中进行相同的健身操类运动时的耗氧量和心率反应进行了比较。在水中运动时，心率和摄氧量都更高。虽然重力是陆地上运动的主要阻力，但粘性摩擦和湍流是水中的主要阻力因素。这项研究的结果表明，后两个因素在运动过程中提供的负荷比陆地运动中重力的阻力更大。在适度的腿部运动节奏下，男性受试者在水中的耗氧量比静息值增加了约10倍，女性增加了约7倍。在水中进行的手臂运动比在水中进行的腿部运动需要的能量少，但在水中进行手臂运动时比在陆地上进行相同运动需要显著更多的氧气。
