Canters K J, de Snoo G R
Centre of Environmental Science, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 1993;130:1-29. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4613-9763-2_1.
This article reviews the impact of xenobiotic substances on wild birds and mammals in The Netherlands, as recorded in the field over the past 25 yr. First, a brief survey is given of population trends during this period, using a few illustrative examples to indicate the role played by "environmental policy themes" other than diffusion. The present review of the policy theme diffusion is not intended to be exhaustive, but to provide a broad summary of the nature of the problems involved. Based on this review, conclusions are drawn about the ecological compatibility of various groups of xenobiotics with respect to birds and mammals. Because policy-makers are interested in the relative significance of both the various groups of substances and the various environmental themes for the decline of bird and mammal populations in The Netherlands, a provisional estimate of these contributions is also presented. The main conclusion is that, in the context of the policy theme diffusion, PCBs and pesticides have the greatest impact on birds and mammals. PCBs have an impact up to the species level, whereas the main impact of pesticides today is probably ecological, that is, foraging and habitat changes. It is also concluded that the share of the theme diffusion in the sum total of negative environmental influences is approximately one-quarter.
本文回顾了过去25年在荷兰野外记录的外来物质对野生鸟类和哺乳动物的影响。首先，简要概述了这一时期的种群趋势，用几个实例来说明除扩散之外的“环境政策主题”所起的作用。本文对政策主题扩散的回顾并非详尽无遗，而是对相关问题的性质进行广泛总结。基于这一回顾，得出了各类外来生物对鸟类和哺乳动物生态兼容性的结论。由于政策制定者对各类物质以及各种环境主题对荷兰鸟类和哺乳动物种群减少的相对重要性感兴趣，因此还给出了这些影响的初步估计。主要结论是，在政策主题扩散的背景下，多氯联苯和农药对鸟类和哺乳动物的影响最大。多氯联苯的影响直至物种层面，而如今农药的主要影响可能是生态方面的，即觅食和栖息地变化。还得出结论，在负面环境影响总量中，主题扩散所占比例约为四分之一。
