Paffenbarger R S, Blair S N, Lee I M, Hyde R T
Division of Epidemiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5092.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993 Jan;25(1):60-70. doi: 10.1249/00005768-199301000-00010.
For physical activity surveys that would identify relations to chronic diseases, quality of life, and longevity, the method of choice remains the questionnaire, especially if it can be standardized and administered in uniform fashion to large populations. A sample questionnaire derived largely from epidemiological experience with the Harvard Alumni Health Study is presented that requests anthropometric estimates; physician-diagnosed diseases by year of onset; contemporary physical activities including walking, stair-climbing, and recreational pursuits; food-frequency data that estimate nutrient values and caloric intakes; and social habits affecting health. The questionnaire presents opportunities for cross-sectional, retrospective, and prospective studies. Personal characteristics, physical activities, and other elements of lifestyle may be used as predictor or outcome variables in testing specific hypotheses. Representative surveys are described that have validated and used questionnaires of various complexities, some complemented by measures of physiological fitness. The epidemiological survey questionnaire, when properly designed and administered, can measure effectively energy intake, energy retention, energy expenditure, physiological fitness, quality of life, and health maintenance.
对于旨在确定与慢性病、生活质量和长寿之间关系的体育活动调查而言，首选方法仍是问卷调查，尤其是当它能够标准化并以统一方式应用于大量人群时。本文呈现了一份主要源自哈佛校友健康研究的流行病学经验的样本问卷，该问卷要求提供人体测量估计值；按发病年份列出的医生诊断疾病；包括步行、爬楼梯和娱乐活动在内的当代体育活动；估算营养成分值和热量摄入的食物频率数据；以及影响健康的社会习惯。该问卷为横断面研究、回顾性研究和前瞻性研究提供了机会。个人特征、体育活动和生活方式的其他要素可在检验特定假设时用作预测变量或结果变量。文中描述了一些具有代表性的调查，这些调查验证并使用了各种复杂程度的问卷，其中一些还辅以生理健康指标。经过合理设计和实施的流行病学调查问卷能够有效测量能量摄入、能量储存、能量消耗、生理健康、生活质量和健康维护情况。
