Büttner M
Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infectious and Epidemic Diseases, Veterinary Faculty, University of Munich, Germany.
Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 1993 Jan;16(1):1-10. doi: 10.1016/0147-9571(93)90055-a.
The so-called primitive immune system has not changed during evolution. Even in primates it plays the most important role in first line defence against invading microorganisms. Cellular components such as macrophages, granulocytes, Natural Killer cells and gamma delta-T cells and soluble humoral factors--the cytokines--are the representatives of the primitive immune system. An interlocking communicative network regulates flexible response of effector cells towards "non-self" antigens. It also ensures close connection with the repertoire of specific immune response, e.g. antibody formation. Multifactorial diseases, nosocomial infections, tumour diseases and various forms of immuno-suppression initiated alternative methods in immunotherapy. Immunostimulation at the non-specific defense level has first been noticed as "side effects" of vaccination. Today it should be differentiated between substitution of the immune system with cytokines and induction of the non-specific defense repertoire mimicking natural antigen contact that is called paramunization. Advantages and disadvantages of both methods are discussed. In vitro as well as in vivo experiments with poxviruses document safety and efficacy of purified and inactivated virus particles in paramunization protocols. The main stimulative components of the poxvirus particles are located in the envelope of the virions. Poxvirus-induced stimulation of non-specific defense reactions is likely to have remote effects on the quality of further antigen processing. Besides the induction of a high short-term alertness in the primitive immune system paramunization may efficiently influence ongoing specific responses, e.g. immunoglobulin isotype selection. Therefore the term paramunization should not be used to characterize a separate part of the immune system, however, for didactic reasons it will facilitate the understanding of principles of the immune system.
所谓的原始免疫系统在进化过程中并未发生改变。即使在灵长类动物中，它在抵御入侵微生物的一线防御中也发挥着最重要的作用。巨噬细胞、粒细胞、自然杀伤细胞和γδ-T细胞等细胞成分以及可溶性体液因子——细胞因子——是原始免疫系统的代表。一个相互关联的通信网络调节效应细胞对“非己”抗原的灵活反应。它还确保与特异性免疫反应库（例如抗体形成）紧密相连。多因素疾病、医院感染、肿瘤疾病和各种形式的免疫抑制引发了免疫治疗的替代方法。非特异性防御水平的免疫刺激最初是作为疫苗接种的“副作用”被注意到的。如今，应该区分用细胞因子替代免疫系统和诱导模仿自然抗原接触的非特异性防御反应库（即副免疫）。讨论了这两种方法的优缺点。痘病毒的体外和体内实验证明了纯化和灭活病毒颗粒在副免疫方案中的安全性和有效性。痘病毒颗粒的主要刺激成分位于病毒粒子的包膜中。痘病毒诱导的非特异性防御反应刺激可能对进一步抗原加工的质量产生深远影响。除了在原始免疫系统中诱导高度的短期警觉外，副免疫还可能有效地影响正在进行的特异性反应，例如免疫球蛋白同种型选择。因此，“副免疫”一词不应被用来描述免疫系统的一个单独部分，然而，出于教学目的，它将有助于理解免疫系统的原理。
