Occlusive vascular disorders of the upper extremity.

Arterial occlusive disease of the upper extremity is most often due to posttraumatic occlusion of the ulnar artery. An embolic source of the ischemia should be considered most strongly when sudden ischemia or vasospasm is associated with atrial fibrillation or follows a myocardial infarction. Connective tissue disorders and several arteridities are infrequent causes of upper-extremity occlusive disease and can usually be detected by a thorough peripheral vascular examination and blood studies. Atherosclerosis of the upper extremity is usually localized to the region of the subclavian artery and can present as a subclavian steal syndrome or arm ischemia. Finally, upper-extremity venous occlusive disease occurs in association with the hypercoagulable state, venous endothelial injury, or arises in otherwise healthy patients because of venous impingement in the thoracic outlet.