Forgays D G, Bonaiuto P, Wrzesniewski K, Forgays D K
Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington.
Int J Addict. 1993 Apr;28(5):399-413. doi: 10.3109/10826089309039638.
This study reports data on over 700 young adults, undergraduate and medical students attending the University of Vermont, the University of Rome, and the Warsaw Medical Academy. Each subject provided information about cigarette smoking history and completed several personality, Type A, and life events inventories. Subjects were classified as nonsmoker, ex-smoker, and smoker. Each measure was analyzed by ANOVA on this basis, with gender and country as additional main effects. Smokers were found to have higher state anxiety, a lower lie score, and were more Type A than ex-smokers and nonsmokers, but they tended to report fewer life events and of lower value.
