The effect of stones on renal and ureteric physiology.

The effect of calculi on renal and ureteric function is the result of a complex sequence of pathophysiological events triggered by obstruction. The degree of impairment of renal function resulting depends on whether the obstruction is partial or complete, is unilateral or bilateral, is complicated by infection or not and how and when it is relieved. This review will look at these interacting factors and particularly on the effects of various treatment modalities ranging from open techniques to minimally and non-invasive interventions.