Jensen R K
Centre for Research in Human Development, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.
J Biomech. 1993;26 Suppl 1:81-94. doi: 10.1016/0021-9290(93)90081-o.
Growth across the lifespan of males and females produces change in the form and structure of the human body which must be recognized in biomechanical models. The different morphologies for age span, gender and racial groupings have been identified and quantified by anthropometrists working primarily with measuring sticks and tapes. These parameters are not the parameters used to solve the dynamics problems of human movement. Models of the body composed of joints and rigid links have been formed and the inertial properties of the segments are required. The research which has been conducted to estimate these segment inertias is incomplete, dispersed, often flawed and inconclusive. However, it is essential that we have a reasonable understanding of the differences in inertia between individuals and changes of inertia within the individual regardless of age, sex and race. Segment inertia parameters can provide valuable insight into growth and the differences between individuals and populations. Segment morphology ranges from embryonic to excessive and each stage of growth or development has potential for the investigation of relationships between shape, size, inertia, weight and movement. The purpose of this paper is to examine research into segment inertias which provides useful information about the differences and changes to be expected. Although some guidance is provided, particularly with respect to bench mark studies, the paper is not intended as a discussion of methodologies. The studies which are pertinent to changes and differences in inertia make it clear that there are many interesting differences between age spans and, within these, differences between males and females and between races. If, in place of the expediency of proportions, segment parameters were measured and integrated into all studies, we would have a more complete representation of morphological changes and differences.
男性和女性在整个生命周期中的成长会使人体的形态和结构发生变化，这在生物力学模型中必须得到认可。年龄跨度、性别和种族群体的不同形态已被主要使用量尺和卷尺的人体测量学家识别并量化。这些参数并非用于解决人体运动动力学问题的参数。由关节和刚性连杆组成的人体模型已经形成，各节段的惯性特性是必需的。为估算这些节段惯性所开展的研究并不完整、分散，常常存在缺陷且没有定论。然而，至关重要的是，我们要合理了解个体之间的惯性差异以及个体内部的惯性变化，无论其年龄、性别和种族如何。节段惯性参数能够为成长以及个体与群体之间的差异提供有价值的见解。节段形态从胚胎期到成年期各不相同，生长或发育的每个阶段都有研究形状、大小、惯性、重量和运动之间关系的潜力。本文的目的是审视关于节段惯性的研究，这些研究提供了有关预期差异和变化的有用信息。尽管提供了一些指导，特别是关于基准研究的指导，但本文并非旨在讨论方法。与惯性变化和差异相关的研究清楚地表明，不同年龄跨度之间存在许多有趣的差异，在这些差异中，男性与女性之间以及不同种族之间也存在差异。如果用测量节段参数并将其纳入所有研究来取代比例的权宜之计，我们将能更全面地呈现形态变化和差异。
