Kirchgessner M, Roth F X
Institut für Ernährungsphysiologie, Technischen Universität München, Germany.
Arch Tierernahr. 1993;43(4):283-301. doi: 10.1080/17450399309386044.
Because of the low efficiency of N utilisation, animal husbandry is the main contributor of N pollution into environment within agricultural production systems. Possible solutions are to regulate the fertilizing and animal stocking rate per hectare as well as improving the efficiency of N utilisation in animal nutrition. Production of pig manure is determined by the kind of animal production, feeding level, performance level and N intake. Increasing performance improves nutrient utilisation which in turn reduces the amount of manure and manure-N per production unit. N intake especially influences N excretion. Therefore feeding in exact relation to the requirement is most important for an ecological pig husbandry. The proportion of the easily soluble urinary N to faecal N can be lowered by diet composition, mainly by higher amounts of bacterial fermentable substances. Thereby the ecological quality of manure is improved. Lowering of excessive N excretion in pigs via feeding measures is possible in two ways, (1) by exact adaptation of the protein supply in agreement with the changing requirements and (2) by improving the dietary amino acid balance. In the first case N excretion in fattening pigs and sows can be reduced up to 12%. In the second case lowering dietary protein and supplementation with crystalline amino acids diminished N emission up to 40% to 50%, practically achievable are under present conditions about 20%.
由于氮利用效率低下，畜牧业是农业生产系统中氮污染的主要来源。可能的解决办法是调节每公顷的施肥量和动物饲养密度，以及提高动物营养中氮的利用效率。猪粪的产生量取决于动物生产的种类、饲养水平、生产性能水平和氮摄入量。提高生产性能可提高养分利用率，进而减少每个生产单位的粪便和粪氮量。氮摄入量尤其会影响氮排泄。因此，根据需求精确投喂对于生态养猪业至关重要。通过日粮组成，主要是增加细菌可发酵物质的含量，可以降低易溶性尿氮与粪氮的比例。从而提高粪便的生态质量。通过饲养措施降低猪过量的氮排泄有两种方式，（1）根据不断变化的需求精确调整蛋白质供应，（2）改善日粮氨基酸平衡。在第一种情况下，育肥猪和母猪的氮排泄量可减少高达12%。在第二种情况下，降低日粮蛋白质水平并补充晶体氨基酸可使氮排放量减少高达40%至50%，在目前条件下实际可实现约20%。
