Roux D, Jooste S, Truter E, Kempster P
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Hydrological Research Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 1995 Jul;31(2):164-72. doi: 10.1006/eesa.1995.1058.
Queletox, containing fenthion as active ingredient, is the avicide formulation used in South Africa to control red-billed finches (Quelea quelea). Control measures involve night spraying of roosting areas with a light aircraft. Since roosting areas often include reedbeds along riversides and on islands, proper control is difficult without exposing the aquatic environment to some risk of contamination. This study tested the acute effects of fenthion, in association with the queletox formulation, on the cladocerans Daphnia pulex and Ceriodaphnia dubia and the fish species Poecilia reticulata, Tilapia rendalli, Cyprinus carpio, and Oreochromis mossambicus. The chronic effects of fenthion on D. pulex were evaluated in a 14-day reproduction test. Mean 48-hr LC50 values estimated for D. pulex and C. dubia were 1.30 and 1.72 micrograms liter-1 respectively. For the fish estimated 96-hr LC50 values were as follows: 2.12 (P. reticulata), 2.53 (C. carpio), 2.92 (T. rendalli) and 1.71 micrograms liter-1 (O. mossambicus). In the chronic test reproduction of the exposed population was stimulated at the lowest two fenthion concentrations (0.1 and 0.6 ng liter-1), while a reproductive impairment was recorded at concentrations varying from 1 to 10 ng liter-1. Concentrations of fenthion measured in dams after spraying are given to indicate the levels of contamination that may occur. QSAR was used to estimate the toxicity of some fenthion metabolites. The results of this study reveal that fenthion, at the concentrations occurring in the environment after aerial spraying, can have marked effects on the survival and reproduction of D. pulex for long periods after spraying.
克列托克斯（Queletox）以倍硫磷作为活性成分，是南非用于控制红嘴奎利亚雀（Quelea quelea）的杀鸟剂配方。控制措施包括用轻型飞机在夜间对栖息区域进行喷洒。由于栖息区域通常包括河边和岛屿上的芦苇丛，在不使水生环境面临一定污染风险的情况下进行妥善控制很困难。本研究测试了倍硫磷与克列托克斯配方对枝角类的蚤状溞（Daphnia pulex）和 dubia 裸腹溞（Ceriodaphnia dubia）以及鱼类孔雀鱼（Poecilia reticulata）、伦氏罗非鱼（Tilapia rendalli）、鲤鱼（Cyprinus carpio）和莫桑比克罗非鱼（Oreochromis mossambicus）的急性影响。在一项为期 14 天的繁殖试验中评估了倍硫磷对蚤状溞的慢性影响。估计蚤状溞和 dubia 裸腹溞的平均 48 小时半数致死浓度（LC50）值分别为 1.30 和 1.72 微克/升。对于鱼类，估计的 96 小时 LC50 值如下：2.12（孔雀鱼）、2.53（鲤鱼）、2.92（伦氏罗非鱼）和 1.71 微克/升（莫桑比克罗非鱼）。在慢性试验中，暴露种群在最低的两个倍硫磷浓度（0.1 和 0.6 纳克/升）下繁殖受到刺激，而在浓度从 1 到 10 纳克/升时记录到繁殖受损。给出了喷洒后水坝中测得的倍硫磷浓度，以表明可能出现的污染水平。采用定量构效关系（QSAR）来估计一些倍硫磷代谢物的毒性。本研究结果表明，空中喷洒后环境中出现的倍硫磷浓度，在喷洒后很长一段时间内可对蚤状溞的存活和繁殖产生显著影响。
