Nida R E, Lange G
Department of Child Development and Family Relations, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
J Gen Psychol. 1995 Oct;122(4):345-53. doi: 10.1080/00221309.1995.9921246.
The influence of category distinctiveness and the associative relatedness of within-category items on young children's use of an organizational clustering strategy at retrieval was examined. Children from preschool and Grades 1 and 3 studied and recalled 9-item sets of pictured items representing either distinctive categories (e.g., numbers, letters, animals) or standard categories (e.g., furniture, clothing, animals). Half of the children at each grade level and in each category-type condition received category exemplars that were high associates. The results showed that each of the grade levels exhibited above-chance clustering for the distinctive categories but not for the standard categories. However, preschool participants attained above-chance clustering only for high-associate items, suggesting that their retrieval may have been driven automatically by natural word associations inherent in the stimuli. For older participants, above-chance clustering obtained for the low-associate as well as for the high-associate items, suggesting that they may have engaged in strategic retrieval activity.
研究了类别独特性和类别内项目的关联度对幼儿在检索时使用组织聚类策略的影响。来自学前班、一年级和三年级的儿童学习并回忆了9个项目的图片集，这些图片集代表了独特类别（如数字、字母、动物）或标准类别（如家具、服装、动物）。每个年级水平和每种类别类型条件下的一半儿童收到的类别范例是高度相关的。结果表明，每个年级水平在独特类别上都表现出高于随机水平的聚类，但在标准类别上则没有。然而，学前班参与者仅在高度相关项目上达到了高于随机水平的聚类，这表明他们的检索可能是由刺激中固有的自然单词关联自动驱动的。对于年龄较大的参与者，在低相关项目和高相关项目上都获得了高于随机水平的聚类，这表明他们可能参与了策略性检索活动。
