Zerbe K J
Menninger Clinic, Topeka, KS 66601, USA.
Psychoanal Rev. 1995 Aug;82(4):599-620.
This paper has explored some of the developmental factors and psychological conflicts that may have played a central role in the life of the French artistic revolutionary, Edouard Manet. A case is made that Manet suffered from a narcissistic personality disturbance based on considerable, albeit spurious, individuation in the face of failed separation. Preoedipal and oedipal conflicts are traced from the available biographical data. They suggest that Manet's lifelong yearning for approbation and inability to sustain mature object relationships derived from his quest for a loving, admiring father and a struggle against an enveloping, rejecting mother. Failed paternal identifications, persistent primal maternal identifications, excessive needs for selfobject affirmation, superficial but compulsive heterosexuality, and rejection of his own paternity appear to have been powerful forces within Manet that found expression in his life and creative products. Although painting enabled Manet to transcend some of his own characterological vulnerabilities, he remained a tormented personality quite destructive towards others and to himself. Understanding more fully the developmental impingements and facilitators of this "tragic actor" helps his audience gain a greater appreciation of his artistic contribution.
本文探讨了一些可能在法国艺术革命者爱德华·马奈的生活中起核心作用的发展因素和心理冲突。有人认为，马奈患有自恋型人格障碍，这是基于他在面对分离失败时相当程度的（尽管是虚假的）个体化。根据现有的传记资料追溯了前俄狄浦斯期和俄狄浦斯期冲突。这些冲突表明，马奈一生对认可的渴望以及无法维持成熟的客体关系，源于他对慈爱、赞赏的父亲的追求以及与一个极具控制欲、排斥他的母亲的斗争。失败的父亲认同、持续的原始母亲认同、对自体客体肯定的过度需求、表面但强迫性的异性恋以及对自己父亲身份的排斥，似乎都是马奈内心强大的力量，并在他的生活和创作作品中得以体现。尽管绘画使马奈能够超越自己性格上的一些弱点，但他仍然是一个备受折磨的人，对他人和自己都极具破坏性。更全面地理解这位“悲剧演员”的发展影响因素和促进因素，有助于他的观众更深入地欣赏他的艺术贡献。
