Helwig C C, Hildebrandt C, Turiel E
Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.
Child Dev. 1995 Dec;66(6):1680-93.
72 children, ages 6 to 11 years, were presented with a series of stories involving psychological harm (name-calling) in a game context. Situations were presented in which intentions, consequences, and game context were varied, along with order of story presentation. Comparison between acts of physical and psychological harm were also conducted. Although responses in some conditions were influenced by order of presentation, age differences were found in children's evaluations of agents' actions and recipients' reactions for psychological harm in game contexts. Younger children were more likely to ignore intentions and consequences or the recipient's perspective and to focus on contextual features (e.g. game rules). Older children were more likely to base their evaluations on intentions, or both intentions and consequences, and to take into account the recipient's perspective. Game context interacted differentially with psychological and physical harm at all ages. Evaluations of acts of physical harm were more likely than acts of psychological harm to be transformed by game context.
72名6至11岁的儿童被呈现了一系列在游戏情境中涉及心理伤害（辱骂）的故事。呈现的情境中，意图、后果和游戏情境各不相同，故事呈现顺序也有所变化。同时还对身体伤害行为和心理伤害行为进行了比较。尽管在某些条件下的反应受到呈现顺序的影响，但在游戏情境中，儿童对施害者行为和受害者反应的心理伤害评估存在年龄差异。年龄较小的儿童更有可能忽略意图、后果或受害者的视角，而专注于情境特征（如游戏规则）。年龄较大的儿童更有可能基于意图，或意图和后果两者来进行评估，并考虑受害者的视角。在所有年龄段，游戏情境与心理伤害和身体伤害的相互作用方式不同。与心理伤害行为相比，身体伤害行为的评估更有可能因游戏情境而改变。
