Helwig C C, Zelazo P D, Wilson M
Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Child Dev. 2001 Jan-Feb;72(1):66-81. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00266.
This study investigated children's (3-, 5-, and 7-year-olds) and adults' (total N = 92) integration of information about intentions, acts, and outcomes in moral judgments of psychological harm. Behavioral and emotional predictions and judgments of act acceptability and punishment were made under normal and noncanonical causal conditions. Participants at all ages judged it wrong to inflict negative psychological reactions of fear or embarrassment on unwilling participants, even when these reactions were idiosyncratic or noncanonical. When assigning punishment, younger children tended to use an outcome rule, whereas older participants were more likely to use an intention rule or a conjunction rule (if outcome is negative and intention is negative, then punish). The results show that children as young as 3 years are able to take into account other people's idiosyncratic perspectives when making moral judgments of psychological harm.
本研究调查了儿童（3岁、5岁和7岁）及成人（共92人）在对心理伤害的道德判断中对意图、行为和结果信息的整合情况。在正常和非典型因果条件下，进行了行为和情绪预测以及对行为可接受性和惩罚的判断。所有年龄段的参与者都认为，即使这些反应是特异的或非典型的，对不愿意的参与者施加恐惧或尴尬等负面心理反应也是错误的。在分配惩罚时，年幼儿童倾向于使用结果规则，而年长参与者更有可能使用意图规则或联合规则（如果结果是负面的且意图是负面的，那么进行惩罚）。结果表明，年仅3岁的儿童在对心理伤害进行道德判断时就能够考虑到他人的特异观点。
