Greenblatt S H
Brown University Program in Neurosurgery, Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket, USA.
Neurosurgery. 1995 Oct;37(4):790-804; discussion 804-5. doi: 10.1227/00006123-199510000-00025.
In the last decade of the 18th century, Franz Joseph Gall of Vienna invented a combination of physiognomy and brain localization that he originally called "craniology" (the science of the head) and later called "organology" (the science of the organs of the brain). Between 1800 and 1812, he worked with Johann Christoph Spurzheim on a variety of important neuroanatomic studies to support this new science. By 1812, when they parted company in Paris, Spurzheim had become intrigued with the psychosocial potential of the undertaking, which he renamed "phrenology" (the science of the mind). Because a phrenological examination (palpation of skull prominences) could provide an analysis of a person's strengths and weaknesses, Spurzheim thought that his system could lead to personal improvement for everyone, including the laboring classes. He was thus a 19th century reformer, generally on the liberal side of the political and social spectrum. Spurzheim spread his gospel to Britain through several long lecture tours, and phrenology became briefly popular through the efforts of other British reformers, especially George Combe. In 1832, Spurzheim came to the United States. Three months later, he died in Boston, a martyr to his cause. Phrenology then spread widely into American popular culture, encouraged by the entrepreneurial efforts of "the phrenological Fowlers" and others like them. By 1843, the entire Western scientific community rejected organology and phrenology. All forms of cerebral localization were lumped with phrenology and similarly repudiated. Nonetheless, Gall's organology was the first comprehensive, premodern statement of a theory of cerebral localization. The early pioneers of modern localization, especially Paul Broca and David Ferrier, were careful to define how their theories differed from phrenology, even as they provided the clinical and scientific data that confirmed some of its basic tenets.
在18世纪的最后十年,维也纳的弗朗茨·约瑟夫·加尔发明了一种将面相学与脑定位相结合的方法,他最初称之为“颅相学”(头部科学),后来又称为“器官学”(脑器官科学)。1800年至1812年间,他与约翰·克里斯托夫·施普尔茨海姆合作进行了一系列重要的神经解剖学研究,以支持这门新科学。到1812年,当他们在巴黎分道扬镳时,施普尔茨海姆已对这项事业的社会心理潜力产生了兴趣,并将其重新命名为“颅相学”(心智科学)。由于颅相学检查(触摸颅骨突出部位)可以分析一个人的优缺点,施普尔茨海姆认为他的体系可以让每个人,包括工人阶级,实现自我提升。因此,他是一位19世纪的改革家,总体上属于政治和社会光谱中的自由派。施普尔茨海姆通过多次长时间的巡回演讲将他的教义传播到英国,颅相学通过其他英国改革家,尤其是乔治·库姆的努力,一度流行起来。1832年,施普尔茨海姆来到美国。三个月后,他在波士顿去世,成为了这项事业的殉道者。随后,在“颅相学福勒家族”和其他类似人物的商业推动下,颅相学广泛传播到美国大众文化中。到1843年,整个西方科学界都摒弃了器官学和颅相学。所有形式的脑定位都与颅相学混为一谈并同样遭到摒弃。尽管如此,加尔的器官学是关于脑定位理论的第一个全面的、前现代的阐述。现代定位的早期先驱,尤其是保罗·布洛卡和大卫·费里尔,在提供证实其一些基本信条的临床和科学数据时,都谨慎地界定了他们的理论与颅相学的不同之处。