Fredrikson M, Annas P, Fischer H, Wik G
Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute and Hospital, Sweden.
Behav Res Ther. 1996 Jan;34(1):33-9. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(95)00048-3.
Point prevalence of specific fears and phobias was determined in 704 respondents of 1000 randomly selected adults aged 18-70 yr. A phobia for lightning, enclosed spaces, darkness, flying, heights, spiders, snakes, injections, dentists and/or injuries was defined if subjects reported a fear that was out of conscious control, interfered with life and lead to the avoidance of the feared object [American Psychiatric Association, 1994. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th edn). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.] Fear intensity was assessed using visual analogue scales. A factor analysis generally supported the classification of fears and phobias into: (1) situational phobias (lightning, enclosed spaces, darkness, flying and heights); (2) animal phobias (spiders and snakes); and (3) mutilation phobias (injections, dentists, injuries). Total point prevalence of any specific phobia was 19.9% (26.5% for females and 12.4% for males). In total, 21.2% women and 10.9% men met criterias for any single specific phobia. Multiple phobias was reported by 5.4% of the females and 1.5% of the males. Animal phobia had a prevalence of 12.1% in women and 3.3% in men. Point prevalence of situational phobia was 17.4% in women and 8.5% in men. For mutilation phobia no gender difference was observed, being presented in 3.2% of the women and 2.7% of the men. Women as compared to men gave higher fear ratings for all objects and situations. Inanimate object fears and phobias were more common in older than younger individuals. Animal fears were more intense in younger than in older individuals. Fear of flying increased and fear of injections decreased as a function of age in women but not in men. Thus, specific fears and phobias are heterogeneous with respect to sex and age distribution.
在1000名随机抽取的18至70岁成年人中，对704名受访者进行了特定恐惧和恐惧症的现患率调查。如果受试者报告存在一种超出意识控制、干扰生活并导致回避恐惧对象的恐惧，则定义为对闪电、封闭空间、黑暗、飞行、高处、蜘蛛、蛇、注射、牙医和/或受伤的恐惧症[美国精神病学协会，1994年。《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》（第4版）。华盛顿特区：美国精神病学出版社]。使用视觉模拟量表评估恐惧强度。一项因素分析总体上支持将恐惧和恐惧症分为：（1）情境恐惧症（闪电、封闭空间、黑暗、飞行和高处）；（2）动物恐惧症（蜘蛛和蛇）；以及（3）伤残恐惧症（注射、牙医、受伤）。任何特定恐惧症的总现患率为19.9%（女性为26.5%，男性为12.4%）。总体而言，21.2%的女性和10.9%的男性符合任何单一特定恐惧症的标准。5.4%的女性和1.5%的男性报告有多种恐惧症。动物恐惧症在女性中的患病率为12.1%，在男性中的患病率为3.3%。情境恐惧症的现患率在女性中为17.4%，在男性中为8.5%。对于伤残恐惧症，未观察到性别差异，女性中有3.2%，男性中有2.7%。与男性相比，女性对所有对象和情境的恐惧评分更高。无生命物体恐惧和恐惧症在老年人中比年轻人中更常见。动物恐惧在年轻人中比老年人中更强烈。女性对飞行的恐惧随年龄增加，对注射的恐惧随年龄减少，而男性则不然。因此，特定恐惧和恐惧症在性别和年龄分布方面具有异质性。
