The relationship between RAST and skin test results in patients with asthma or rhinitis: a quantitative study with purified major allergens.

BACKGROUND

Study of the relationship between skin test results and IgE antibody levels is seriously hampered by the use of conventional allergen extracts because the precise amount of relevant allergen for each patient is unknown.

OBJECTIVE

This study was designed to investigate skin reactivity with purified major allergens and to assess the relation with serum levels of IgE antibodies and to determine which additional factors contribute to the skin test result.

METHODS

We used five purified major allergens (Der p 1, Der p 2, Fel d 1, Lol p 1, and Lol p 5) in skin tests, RASTs, and histamine release tests in 43 multisensitized patients with asthma or rhinitis.

RESULTS

The differences in biologic activity of the five major allergens at a given level of specific IgE are within one order of magnitude. A significant residual variation remains in the correlation between skin test results and levels of IgE antibodies, which cannot be explained by imprecision of both tests (Pearson log skin test vs log specific IgE: r = 0.46-0.92). With similar levels of specific IgE, the amount of allergen that is required for a positive skin test result may differ by as much as a factor of 100 between patients. The amount of total IgE in serum contributes significantly to the skin test result. High values of total IgE are accompanied by a lower skin reactivity for allergen. Within individuals, allergens that cause skin test results that deviate from the prediction based on IgE antibody level often show a similar deviation in the histamine release test. This indicates that the type of IgE response (i.e., affinity or epitope recognition pattern) contributes significantly to the skin test result. Skin reactivity for histamine does not significantly influence the skin reactions expressed as allergen threshold. However, increased skin reactions with higher allergen dosages depend on histamine reactivity.

CONCLUSION

The major allergens tested show similar biologic activities. In addition to IgE antibody level, total serum IgE and type of IgE antibody response contribute significantly to the skin test threshold for allergens. Even in a system with purified allergens, IgE antibody levels and skin test results are not interchangeable as an indicator of the degree of allergic sensitization.