Pediatric renal transplantation into the abnormal urinary tract.

Many children with end-stage renal disease have significant urinary tract problems other than irreversible loss of native kidney function. These significant other urinary tract problems, if not corrected prior to transplantation, may significantly increase recipient mortality, graft loss, and patient morbidity. These other urinary tract problems may cause hydroureteronephrosis in the transplanted kidney, lead to an increased incidence of graft rejection, be the source of sepsis after subsequent immunosuppression, and cause hypertension. In addition, pre-existing urinary diversion, large interabdominal masses, or previous cancer require specific pre-transplant management plans. Potential pediatric transplant recipients with other significant urinary tract problems can be classified according to three parameters; anatomical extent, pathology, and pathophysiology of the significant other problems. Particular attention must be paid to pre-existing lower tract problems. Strategy must be worked out pre transplant as to how the lower urinary tract is going to store, hold, and empty urine. The means for assessing the potential recipients and strategies and techniques for correcting pre-existing problems have been summarized in this article.