Markel H
University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor.
Acad Med. 1996 Feb;71(2):146-51. doi: 10.1097/00001888-199602000-00017.
Pediatrics arose as an academic and medical specialty in the United States during the late nineteenth century. This paper documents the first three stages of academic pediatrics in the United States between 1850 and 1950: (1) 1850-1880, a period focused on sanitary reform as a means of reducing infant mortality; (2) 1880-1900, the era where discoveries being made in bacteriology, physiology, and nutrition began to be applied to improving the health of children; and (3) 1900-1930, when the field was characterized by an active health reform movement directed at parents and health care professionals. Three prominent pioneer pediatricians, Drs. Abraham Jacobi, Henry Koplik, and L. Emmett Holt, are profiled as representative practitioners of these eras.
儿科学作为一门学术和医学专业于19世纪后期在美国兴起。本文记录了1850年至1950年间美国儿科学术发展的前三个阶段：（1）1850 - 1880年，这一时期专注于卫生改革以降低婴儿死亡率；（2）1880 - 1900年，细菌学、生理学和营养学领域的发现开始应用于改善儿童健康的时代；（3）1900 - 1930年，该领域以针对家长和医疗保健专业人员的积极健康改革运动为特征。三位杰出的儿科学先驱——亚伯拉罕·雅各比医生、亨利·科普利克医生和L. 埃米特·霍尔特医生——被作为这些时代的代表性从业者进行了介绍。
