Frankel M S
Program on Scientific Freedom, Responsibility and Law, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC 20005, USA.
J Dent Res. 1996 Feb;75(2):832-5. doi: 10.1177/00220345960750021601.
Any profession that is considering the development of ethical standards should give serious attention to the intended purposes of such standards, what form they should take, what functions they will serve, how the process for developing them should be organized, what outcomes are sought, and what values are central to the mission and performance of the profession. The profession serves as a normative reference group for individual practitioners and through ethical standards clarifies, for both its members and outsiders, the norms that ought to govern professional behavior. Such standards may be aspirational, educational, or regulatory, and may perform many functions, nine of which are discussed. The process of developing standards is assessed because of the role it plays in gaining consensus on professional values and ethical norms. Finally, several outcomes likely to increase the value and utility of ethical standards are identified.
任何正在考虑制定道德标准的职业都应认真关注此类标准的预期目的、应采取的形式、将发挥的功能、制定标准的过程应如何组织、寻求何种结果以及哪些价值观对于该职业的使命和表现至关重要。该职业为个体从业者充当规范参照群体，并通过道德标准向其成员和外部人员阐明应规范职业行为的准则。此类标准可能是理想性的、教育性的或规范性的，并且可能发挥多种功能，本文将讨论其中九种。由于制定标准的过程在就职业价值观和道德规范达成共识方面所起的作用，因此对其进行了评估。最后，确定了几种可能会提高道德标准的价值和效用的结果。
