Halle R
J Homosex. 1995;29(4):295-317. doi: 10.1300/J082v29n04_02.
In their efforts to utilize individualist psychoanalysis as a tool for understanding mass behavior, the social theorists associated with the Frankfurt School increasingly came to rely on a static, essentializing construction of sexuality which ultimately led to an equation of fascism and homosexuality. Heretofore unexamined in studies of the Frankfurt School, this equation will here serve as the starting point for a fundamental critique of the concept of sexuality developed by this influential circle of Marxist thinkers. While directed at the concept of sexuality, such a critique more importantly opens up the underlying understanding of the social and psychological realms advanced by Critical Theory. Attending to the equation of homosexuality and fascism as the central point of concern, this essay will first trace the introduction of psychoanalysis into Critical Theory through Erich Fromm and then investigate the extent of Fromm's influence on the concept of sexuality propounded by his colleagues, especially Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno. Finally, it will take up a frequently overlooked essay by Herbert Marcuse which promoted a vision of sexuality radically different from that of his associates.
在将个人主义精神分析作为理解大众行为的工具的努力中，与法兰克福学派相关的社会理论家越来越依赖于一种静态的、本质化的性取向建构，这最终导致了法西斯主义与同性恋的等同。在对法兰克福学派的研究中，这种等同关系迄今尚未得到审视，在此它将作为对这一有影响力的马克思主义思想家圈子所发展的性取向概念进行根本批判的起点。虽然这种批判针对的是性取向概念，但更重要的是，它开启了对批判理论所推进的社会和心理领域的潜在理解。以同性恋与法西斯主义的等同关系作为核心关注点，本文将首先追溯精神分析通过埃里希·弗洛姆引入批判理论的过程，然后考察弗洛姆对其同事，尤其是马克斯·霍克海默和西奥多·W·阿多诺所提出的性取向概念的影响程度。最后，它将探讨赫伯特·马尔库塞一篇常被忽视的文章，该文章提出了一种与他的同事截然不同的性取向观点。
