Steen T
Medisinsk avdeling, Baerum sykehus.
Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 1996 Feb 20;116(5):625-7.
Snuff taking produces a white to yellowish, wrinkled lesion of the oral mucosa at the site where the quid is placed. The lesion is reversible, and only rarely exhibits dysplasia. Gingival recession and loss of attachment may occur in conjunction with the mucosal lesion. The risk of oral cancer varies greatly among the different published studies, from a relative risk of 48 to no increase in risk at all. Case control studies have found no association between oral tobacco and bladder cancer, whereas cigarette smoking carries a relative risk of about two. There appears to be no evidence for an association between oral snuff and cancer in general when the analysis takes into account confounders such as occupation, smoking and alcohol. The epidemiological evidence for an association with cardiovascular disease is contradictory. Snuff may probably cause hypertension, and one large study has reported a relative risk of 2 for dying of ischaemic heart disease. Biochemical evidence disfavors the hypothesis that snuff is atherogenic. In conclusion, the health hazards of oral moist snuff seem modest, and very much smaller than those of cigarette smoking.
吸鼻烟会在放置鼻烟块的口腔黏膜部位产生白色至淡黄色的皱纹状病变。该病变是可逆的，仅有极少情况会出现发育异常。牙龈退缩和附着丧失可能与黏膜病变同时发生。不同已发表研究中口腔癌的风险差异极大，相对风险从48到毫无风险增加不等。病例对照研究未发现口腔用烟草与膀胱癌之间存在关联，而吸烟的相对风险约为2。当分析考虑职业、吸烟和饮酒等混杂因素时，总体上似乎没有证据表明口腔鼻烟与癌症有关联。关于与心血管疾病关联的流行病学证据相互矛盾。鼻烟可能会导致高血压，一项大型研究报告称死于缺血性心脏病的相对风险为2。生化证据不支持鼻烟具有致动脉粥样硬化作用这一假说。总之，口腔湿鼻烟的健康危害似乎较小，且远小于吸烟的危害。
