Developmental pattern and regulation by androgens of androgen receptor expression in the urogenital tract of the rat.

Distribution and regulation of androgen receptor expression during fetal and neonatal virilization of the rat fetus was assessed by immunohistochemistry. In mesonephric duct derivatives the androgen receptor expression became evident first in the efferent ductules and epididymis (on fetal day 14), subsequently in the vas deferens and finally in the seminal vesicle. Mesenchymal cells of the urogenital tubercle were positive for androgen receptors from fetal day 14 onwards. In the mesenchymal cells of the prostate anlagen, androgen receptor positive cells were found first on fetal day 16. Administration of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone to pregnant rats from day 11 to day 20 of gestation caused a stabilization of the wolffian duct in female fetuses. The androgen receptor expression pattern became similar as found in mail fetuses, and showed an increase in density and in frequency of androgen receptor positive cells. Administration of the androgen antagonist flutamide during the same interval caused a reduction in density and frequency of androgen receptor positive cells in male fetuses. These findings indicate that androgens enhance the expression of androgen receptors in the developing rat genital tract by induction of androgen receptor positive cells, and by increasing the frequency. The developmental pattern of androgen receptor expression in the rat mesonephric duct system reflects the androgen-responsiveness of the ducts, and is consistent with induction of the androgen receptor along the ducts by testosterone reaching these structures in an exocrine fashion.