Straus J L, von Ammon Cavanaugh S
Department of Psychiatry, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Psychosomatics. 1996 Jul-Aug;37(4):315-26. doi: 10.1016/S0033-3182(96)71544-X.
Placebo effects are integral to everyday clinical practice; therefore, they should be well understood by all health care practitioners. Despite the rich literature on the topic, placebo effects receive only passing mention in major textbooks of psychiatry and medicine. The authors clarify the placebo construct and offer a selective review of its history, definitions, mechanisms, and relation to experimental methodology and statistics. Also considered are the concept of nocebo, variation in placebo response rates, and some economic and ethical problems with placebos in clinical trials. Directions are suggested for future research.
安慰剂效应是日常临床实践中不可或缺的一部分；因此，所有医疗从业者都应该充分理解它们。尽管关于这个主题有丰富的文献，但安慰剂效应在精神病学和医学的主要教科书中只是一笔带过。作者们阐明了安慰剂的概念，并对其历史、定义、机制以及与实验方法和统计学的关系进行了选择性回顾。还讨论了反安慰剂的概念、安慰剂反应率的差异以及临床试验中安慰剂的一些经济和伦理问题。文中还为未来的研究提出了方向。
