Billings J R, Cowley S
Department of Nursing Studies, Kings College London, England.
J Adv Nurs. 1995 Oct;22(4):721-30. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.1995.22040721.x.
In the light of the growing awareness of professionals in the community of the need to undertake health needs assessments of the population, this literature review sets out to explore, delineate and critically analyse the various approaches to community needs assessment, to facilitate a greater understanding of their strengths and weaknesses. The review commences by highlighting its complex nature, and attempting to define what is meant by 'needs assessment' from the differing perspectives of three dominant approaches, namely sociology, epidemiology and health economics. It continues by putting forward an argument for the use of the community health profile, being a multi-focal approach to needs assessment, combining quantitative with qualitative data, and proceeds with a discussion of strengths and weaknesses related to its compilation, in particular factors relating to reliability and validity of data sources. The consumer perspective is also reviewed, as are issues surrounding the ethics of data collection and problems concerning aggregation of the numerous data sources into meaningful policy. Throughout the review, issues are discussed with reference to the current political context in the United Kingdom. Equally important is the community nurse perspective, which is integrated into the arguments where appropriate.
鉴于社区专业人员日益意识到有必要对人群进行健康需求评估，本综述旨在探讨、描述并批判性地分析社区需求评估的各种方法，以促进对其优缺点的更深入理解。综述开篇强调了其复杂性质，并试图从社会学、流行病学和健康经济学这三种主要方法的不同视角界定“需求评估”的含义。接着提出使用社区健康概况的理由，它是一种多焦点的需求评估方法，将定量与定性数据相结合，并继续讨论与编制相关的优缺点，特别是与数据源的可靠性和有效性相关的因素。还审视了消费者视角，以及数据收集伦理方面的问题和将众多数据源汇总为有意义政策的相关问题。在整个综述过程中，会参照英国当前的政治背景来讨论相关问题。同样重要的是社区护士的视角，会在适当之处将其纳入讨论。
