Lundeen S P
J Community Health Nurs. 1992;9(4):235-44. doi: 10.1207/s15327655jchn0904_5.
Community health nursing can play an important role in conducting community needs assessments that provide critical data upon which programming, planning, and evaluation should be based. The community health services developed for any given community should be planned with the specific needs of the community residents in mind. A community needs survey is one method that should be periodically employed to ascertain the specific needs and concerns of community residents. Nursing conceptual models developed by CHNs are very appropriate to the assessment of all aspects of community life related to health and well-being. Comprehensive community needs surveys should include assessment of environmental, psychosocial, and physiological aspects of health as well as indicators of health-related behaviors in the population. The Omaha classification system adapted for this study provides a broad conceptual framework that facilitates the development of comprehensive programs of assessment. Public health services are in a state of crisis in many states. Traditional program offerings may no longer be the key to providing the types of services most needed by some communities. Analysis of data on problems related to personal and family well-being in one upper middle class suburban community indicate a need for health promotion and services focused on many of the psychosocial aspects of health. The stress experienced by younger community residents appears to be related to issues of parenting and balancing the dual roles required at work and home. Families of elders are also confronted by issues concerning the decreasing independence of these individuals and the need to find additional support services for them. Community health services must be designed that take these factors into account. Professional nurses can provide the leadership necessary to assess health needs and current public health practices in these communities and to recommend and implement programs appropriate to the needs of the present and the goals of the future.
社区健康护理在开展社区需求评估中可发挥重要作用，这些评估能提供关键数据，而规划、计划制定及评估都应基于这些数据。为任何特定社区制定的社区健康服务都应考虑社区居民的具体需求。社区需求调查是一种应定期采用的方法，以确定社区居民的具体需求和关切。社区健康护士（CHNs）开发的护理概念模型非常适合评估与健康和福祉相关的社区生活的各个方面。全面的社区需求调查应包括对健康的环境、心理社会和生理方面的评估，以及人群中与健康相关行为的指标。本研究采用的奥马哈分类系统提供了一个广泛的概念框架，有助于制定全面的评估计划。在许多州，公共卫生服务正处于危机状态。传统的服务项目可能不再是为某些社区提供最需要的服务类型的关键。对一个中上层阶级郊区社区中与个人和家庭福祉相关问题的数据进行分析表明，需要开展侧重于健康心理社会诸多方面的健康促进和服务。年轻社区居民所经历的压力似乎与育儿问题以及平衡工作和家庭所需的双重角色有关。老年人的家庭也面临着这些人独立性下降以及需要为他们寻找额外支持服务的问题。必须设计出考虑到这些因素的社区健康服务。专业护士能够发挥必要的领导作用，评估这些社区的健康需求和当前的公共卫生实践，并推荐和实施符合当前需求和未来目标的项目。
