Microsurgical aspects of the treatment of azoospermia. The BMFT Study Group for Microsurgery.

Technical advances in microsurgery have produced a calculable success rate for reconstructive surgery in cases of obstructive azoospermia. Nevertheless, in standardized vasovasostomy and tubulovasostomy, the different outcomes for patency and pregnancy indicate that further comprehensive clinical and basic scientific studies are required to improve the results of surgery. The aspiration of epididymal and testicular spermatozoa in combination with intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is one example of a fruitful integration of microsurgery into new areas of reproductive medicine. Where there is ejaculatory duct obstruction, the continuity with the posterior urethra can be restored by a transurethral operation.