Pathology and its importance in evaluating outcome in patients with superficial bladder cancer.

Subtle cytologic and histologic nuances have a major impact on diagnosis and, consequently, on therapy for superficial bladder cancer. Therefore, the urologist and the pathologist must carefully assess all clinical findings before a course of treatment can be determined. The urologist must advise the pathologist of all the circumstances surrounding a biopsy--whether its purpose is for preliminary clinical impression or diagnosis, the patient's recent treatment history, the availability of previous biopsy specimens for comparison, a thorough history of treatments that may induce characteristic cytologic changes that might lead to misdiagnosis, and alternate diagnostic possibilities drawn from initial pathology and treatment history. Armed with this information, the task of the pathologist is to provide as much data as possible regarding tumor histopathology from the biopsy specimens. Thus, establishment of a close working relationship between the urologist and the pathologist is an important tool for (1) initially characterizing superficial bladder cancer, which is essential in determining an appropriate course of treatment, and (2) accurately evaluating follow-up biopsies to determine the effectiveness of that treatment.