The implantable cardioverter defibrillator: modern implantation techniques and their impact on outcomes.

The implantable cardioverter defibrillator has revolutionized the management of lethal ventricular arrhythmias in susceptible patients. In its second decade of existence, the implantable cardioverter defibrillator has undergone significant technologic enhancements which have resulted in ease of implantation, lower mortality rates, and shorter hospital stays. The newer pectoral size devices have been successfully implanted in a variety of patients, using models from several device manufacturers. Improvements in lead technology have paralleled those of the device itself. These include the unique concept of "unipolar" defibrillation as well as the trend toward dual chamber lead systems. Results of these newer technologies are favorable: comparably low defibrillation thresholds have been reported with the newer lead configurations, with lower operative mortality. However, morbidity attached to earlier lead systems remains as high as 16%. It is anticipated that the results will further improve as shorter transvenous leads and better connector material become routinely available. Finally, the clinical outcomes in the early postoperative phase indicate fewer proarrhythmic effects leading to shorter hospital stays in patient equipped with the latest types of pectoral implants. Continued progress at the level of the patient-device interface is expected to result in every better patient acceptance and proliferation of implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy.