van den Berg H, Hulshof K F, Deslypere J P
TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Dept of Physiology and Kinetics, Zeist, The Netherlands.
Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1996 May;66(1):17-21. doi: 10.1016/0301-2115(95)02375-5.
To assess the distribution of dietary vitamin A intake among Dutch women aged 16-50 and among pregnant women, and to evaluate the effect of the use of a vitamin A (1200 RE) containing multivitamin supplement in terms of nutritional and teratogenic risk.
Data from the 2nd Dutch national food consumption survey (1992) were used for calculation of the vitamin A intake among 1725 16-50 year old women and 58 pregnant women. Calculations were performed with and without simulation of the use of a supplement containing 1200 RE vitamin A.
Average vitamin A intake, based on a two-day dietary record method, compared quite well with recommended intake levels: 850 RE for the 16-50 year old non-pregnant (NP) women (RDA: 800 RE), and 990 RE for the pregnant (P) women (RDA: 1000 RE), respectively. The use of liver on one of the days under survey resulted in high intakes: 60% of the women in this subgroup exceeded the 'safe upper intake limit' of 3000 RE, while in 23% of the cases intakes were > 7500 RE. Those not consuming liver or liver products on the days under survey had relatively low average intakes [NP (n = 1472): 540 RE; P (n = 46): 720 RE]; about 70% of the non-liver users had intakes below the RDA. Including the daily use of a vitamin A containing multivitamin supplement with 1200 RE resulted in intakes > RDA, while only in 2% (NP), respectively 3% (P) of the cases the 'total' intake exceeded the 3000 RE level, but remained in all cases below 7500 RE/day. serving per day.
The use of a vitamin A containing (maximum 1200 RE) multivitamin supplement can contribute to a controlled and adequate vitamin A intake and be considered as safe for pregnant women or women who wish to become pregnant, if the consumption of liver is completely avoided and the consumption of liver products is limited to maximum one.
评估16至50岁荷兰女性以及孕妇膳食维生素A摄入量的分布情况，并从营养和致畸风险方面评估使用含1200视黄醇当量（RE）维生素A的多种维生素补充剂的效果。
利用第二次荷兰全国食物消费调查（1992年）的数据来计算1725名16至50岁女性和58名孕妇的维生素A摄入量。在模拟使用含1200视黄醇当量维生素A的补充剂和不模拟使用的情况下分别进行计算。
基于两日膳食记录法得出的平均维生素A摄入量与推荐摄入量水平相当吻合：16至50岁非孕妇（NP）女性为850视黄醇当量（推荐膳食供给量：800视黄醇当量），孕妇（P）为990视黄醇当量（推荐膳食供给量：1000视黄醇当量）。在调查的某一天食用肝脏导致摄入量较高：该亚组中60%的女性超过了3000视黄醇当量的“安全上限摄入量”，而在23%的情况下摄入量超过了7500视黄醇当量。在调查日未食用肝脏或肝脏制品的人平均摄入量相对较低[非孕妇（n = 1472）：540视黄醇当量；孕妇（n = 46）：720视黄醇当量]；约70%不食用肝脏的人摄入量低于推荐膳食供给量。每日使用含1200视黄醇当量维生素A的多种维生素补充剂会使摄入量超过推荐膳食供给量，而仅在2%（非孕妇）、分别在3%（孕妇）的情况下“总”摄入量超过3000视黄醇当量水平，但所有情况下均保持在每日7500视黄醇当量以下。
如果完全避免食用肝脏且将肝脏制品的食用量限制在最多一份，那么使用含（最多1200视黄醇当量）维生素A的多种维生素补充剂有助于实现可控且充足的维生素A摄入量，并且对于孕妇或希望怀孕的女性而言可被视为安全的。
