van den Berg H, Hulshof K F, Deslypere J P
TNO Voeding, divisie Arbeidstoxicologie & Voeding, Zeist.
Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1996 Jan 27;140(4):192-5.
To determine how much vitamin A is consumed through liver and liver products by non-pregnant and pregnant women aged 16-50 years, and to determine the implications for the use of multivitamin products.
Secondary analysis on data from representative database Dutch National Food Consumption Survey.
Data were obtained from a Dutch National Food Consumption Survey (1992, method published earlier) regarding 1725 non-pregnant and 58 pregnant women aged 16-50 years who did or did not consume liver and (or) liver products.
Average daily vitamin A intake (two consecutive days), was 850 retinol equivalents (RE) for non-pregnant and 990 RE for pregnant women, respectively (recommended daily allowances are 800 RE and 1000 RE). Average intakes of those not eating liver or liver products were 540 RE and 720 RE per day. In about 70% and 50% of the women respectively the intake was below the minimal requirement of 600 RE per day. The use of a vitamin A supplement providing 1200 RE per day among the non-liver users would in none of the cases have resulted in intakes higher than the threshold level of 7500 RE for teratogenic risks. Occasionally in 2-3% of the women, not using liver or liver products, maximum intake would exceed 3000 RE per day (the upper safe limit of intake according to the Dutch Health Council/Nutrition Council Committee). However, women using liver or liver products would be at risk of having too high intakes, above the threshold level of 7500 RE, irrespective of the use of vitamin supplements.
Regular vitamin A supplements may be safely used by pregnant women who consume little or no liver or liver products.
确定16至50岁非孕妇和孕妇通过肝脏及肝脏制品摄入的维生素A量，并确定其对多种维生素产品使用的影响。
对来自具有代表性的数据库荷兰国家食品消费调查的数据进行二次分析。
数据取自荷兰国家食品消费调查（1992年，方法已提前发表），涉及1725名16至50岁未怀孕和58名怀孕的女性，她们食用或未食用肝脏及（或）肝脏制品。
非孕妇和孕妇的平均每日维生素A摄入量（连续两天）分别为850视黄醇当量（RE）和990 RE（推荐每日摄入量分别为800 RE和1000 RE）。未食用肝脏或肝脏制品的女性平均每日摄入量分别为540 RE和720 RE。分别约70%和50%的女性摄入量低于每日600 RE的最低需求量。对于不食用肝脏的女性，每天使用提供1200 RE的维生素A补充剂，在任何情况下都不会导致摄入量高于致畸风险的7500 RE阈值水平。偶尔，在2%至3%不食用肝脏或肝脏制品的女性中，最大摄入量会超过每日3000 RE（根据荷兰卫生委员会/营养委员会委员会的摄入量安全上限）。然而，无论是否使用维生素补充剂，食用肝脏或肝脏制品的女性都有摄入量过高、超过7500 RE阈值水平的风险。
很少或不食用肝脏或肝脏制品的孕妇可以安全地定期使用维生素A补充剂。
