Anomalous diffusion of water in biological tissues.

This article deals with the characterization of biological tissues and their pathological alterations. For this purpose, diffusion is measured by NMR in the fringe field of a large superconductor with a field gradient of 50 T/m, which is rather homogenous and stable. It is due to the unprecedented properties of the gradient that we are able not only to determine the usual diffusion coefficient, but also to observe the pronounced Non-Debye feature of the relaxation function due to cellular structure. The dynamics of the probability density follow a stretched exponential or Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts function. In the long time limit the Fourier transform of the probability density follows a long-tail Lévy function, whose asymptotic is related to the fractal dimension of the underlying cellular structure. Some of the properties of Lévy walk statistics are discussed and its potential importance in understanding certain biophysical phenomena like diffusion processes in biological tissues are pointed out. We present and discuss for the first time NMR data giving evidence for Lévy processes that capture the essential features of the observed power law (scaling) dynamics of water diffusion in fresh tissue specimens: carcinomas, fibrous mastopathies, adipose and liver tissues.