Work and meaning: disturbance of volition and vocational dysfunction in schizophrenia.

R. is a 40-year-old, divorced, White male with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, paranoid type, chronic. Shortly after his entrance into our work rehabilitation program, R. engaged one of the authors (P.L.) in a conversation about the nature of his illness. He reported that his most disabling and pervasive symptom was a persistent inability to pursue any goal in his life. R. recognized that he had other symptoms of psychiatric illness but stated that these did not account for his disability. He explained that the voice of God that counseled him when he felt overwhelmed and his fear that God was about to kill him as punishment for his sins put life in perspective and, consequently, were sometimes as comforting as they were distressing. R. explained that what had altered his life was a process, invisible to others, that left him unable to plan out and pursue a life course. He did not know whether it was a lack of knowledge or lack of motivation and energy that left him without the inner direction he needed. All he knew was that it was "schizophrenia," and it left him unable to work or to function like other people. What R. was describing as the foundation of his illness and his disability appears to be a disturbance of volition. Interestingly, self-understanding is more consistent with several of the early formulations of schizophrenia than it is with current formulations. To explore the merits of R.'s belief about his illness we offer a review of the role that disturbance of volition has played in historical conceptualizations of schizophrenia, the current nosology, and in theories of the negative or deficit syndrome. The history of R.'s illness is then presented. Lastly, we discuss what we learned from R.'s participation in a paid work program.