A comparative study of perichondrial tissue in mammalian cartilages.

The general organization, cellular and extracellular components, and structural variation of perichondrium have been studied in different mammalian cartilages by polarized light and transmission electron microscopy. The overall structure is that of a dense connective tissue composed of variable numbers of thin, stratified, closely-packed lamellae, themselves composed of closely-matted collagen fibres running in the plane of the cartilage surface, but oriented at various angles to each other. Variations mainly concern the arrangement of the fibre bundles in the transition zones between perichondrial and cartilage matrices, and between perichondrium and surrounding tissues. Perichondrial cells have the characteristics of fibrocytes. A cambial layer of undifferentiated stem cells was never observed. A layer of 'perichondrial lining cells' with distinctive ultrastructural characteristics was observed in some cartilage units, which separates the perichondrium from the surrounding loose connective tissue. The ultrastructural results demonstrate that the cartilage and perichondrial extracellular matrices are distinct, and what have been designated perichondrial 'transition' and 'proliferative' zones are in fact parts of the most superficial cartilage layer. Variations in perichondrial structure appear to correlate with diversity of cartilage function and we conclude that each cartilage unit plus perichondrium forms a tightly-integrated entity, best regarded as a unitary organ within the skeletal system.