Harrigan J A, Harrigan K M, Sale B A, Rosenthal R
California State University, USA.
J Pers. 1996 Sep;64(3):675-709. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00526.x.
Defensive individuals have been shown to differ from nondefensive individuals on a number of physiological and behavioral measures. We report two studies on observers' inferences of defensiveness, and the contribution of communication channels in the inference of defensiveness. Observers judged high and low state anxious segments of high and low trait anxious defensive and nondefensive individuals. Accurate assessments were made of (a) defensiveness, (b) state anxiety, and (c) trait anxiety: Individuals with higher levels of each variable were perceived as more anxious compared with the lower level. Effects for defensiveness and state anxiety were greater in audio-only segments, while effects for trait anxiety were greater in video-only segments. Inferences of defensiveness were greater at higher levels of state anxiety and trait anxiety. Low trait anxious defensive individuals were perceived as more anxious than the true low trait anxious. Results for defensiveness and trait anxiety were replicated in Study 2, and observers' perceptions of state anxiety matched individuals' self-reports: Defensive individuals with maximal differences between high and low state anxiety were seen as more anxious in high state anxiety, while defensive individuals with minimal differences between high and low state anxiety were regarded as less anxious in high state anxiety.
防御性个体在一些生理和行为指标上已被证明与非防御性个体存在差异。我们报告了两项关于观察者对防御性的推断以及沟通渠道在防御性推断中的作用的研究。观察者对高特质焦虑和低特质焦虑的防御性和非防御性个体的高状态焦虑和低状态焦虑片段进行了判断。对以下方面进行了准确评估：（a）防御性，（b）状态焦虑，以及（c）特质焦虑：与较低水平相比，每个变量水平较高的个体被认为更焦虑。在仅音频片段中，防御性和状态焦虑的影响更大，而在仅视频片段中，特质焦虑的影响更大。在较高水平的状态焦虑和特质焦虑下，对防御性的推断更强。低特质焦虑的防御性个体被认为比真正的低特质焦虑个体更焦虑。研究2重复了防御性和特质焦虑的结果，并且观察者对状态焦虑的认知与个体的自我报告相符：高状态焦虑和低状态焦虑之间差异最大的防御性个体在高状态焦虑时被视为更焦虑，而高状态焦虑和低状态焦虑之间差异最小的防御性个体在高状态焦虑时被认为焦虑程度较低。
