Harrigan Jinni A, Wilson Katie, Rosenthal Robert
Department of Psychology, California State University, Fullerton 92834-6846, USA.
Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2004 Jan;30(1):56-66. doi: 10.1177/0146167203258844.
Observers' ability to detect state anxiety and trait anxiety in others was evaluated in a meta-analysis that also included a critical moderator variable, communication channel. The overall effect size (r) for accuracy was .39 for the 46 state anxiety studies and .26 for the 34 trait anxiety studies. However, the effect of communication channel was very substantial in magnitude and highly significant; it also interacted with the type of anxiety. State anxiety was correctly identified more often from audio-only stimuli (M r = .49) compared with video-only cues (r = .24), whereas the opposite was true for trait anxiety, where video-only cues resulted in greater accuracy (r = .31) compared with audio-only stimuli (r = .05). Results indicated that the moment-to-moment change in emotion (state anxiety) may be better communicated with vocal/verbal stimuli, whereas more stable features of personality (trait anxiety) may be more apparent from body and facial cues.
在一项元分析中评估了观察者察觉他人状态焦虑和特质焦虑的能力，该元分析还纳入了一个关键的调节变量——沟通渠道。46项状态焦虑研究的准确性总体效应量（r）为0.39，34项特质焦虑研究的为0.26。然而，沟通渠道的效应在量级上非常显著且高度显著；它还与焦虑类型相互作用。与仅视频线索（r = 0.24）相比，仅音频刺激能更频繁地正确识别状态焦虑（M r = 0.49），而特质焦虑则相反，仅视频线索比仅音频刺激的准确性更高（r = 0.31），仅音频刺激的准确性为（r = 0.05）。结果表明，情绪的即时变化（状态焦虑）可能通过声音/言语刺激能得到更好的传达，而人格的更稳定特征（特质焦虑）可能从身体和面部线索中更明显地体现出来。
