Finley B L, Kerger B D, Dodge D G, Meyers S M, Richter R O, Paustenbach D J
McLaren/Hart-ChemRisk, Alameda, California, USA.
J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 1996 Apr-Jun;6(2):229-45.
Field studies were conducted to estimate the plausible uptake of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] aerosols inhaled during indoor residential use of a shower or an evaporative cooler supplied with water containing Cr(VI). In the evaporative cooler study, water concentrations of 20 mg Cr(VI)/L did not produce an increased concentration of airborne Cr(VI). The indoor air concentration of Cr(VI), measured over 24 hours of use, was 0.3-2.7 ng/m3, about the same as the concurrent outdoor concentrations. In the shower study, the average airborne concentrations of Cr(VI) aerosols at breathing-zone height ranged from 87 to 324 ng Cr(VI)/m3 when the water concentration of Cr(VI) was 0.89 to 11.5 mg/L. The Cr(VI) concentration in air was correlated directly to water concentration. The lifetime average daily doses and incremental cancer risk estimates corresponding to 30-year residential exposures were calculated using the measurements in this study and published exposure guidelines. The plausible upperbound lifetime cancer risk associated with continuous exposure to "background" Cr(VI) in outdoor air was estimated at 6.9 per million for a person exposed during ages 0-30, and 4.0 per million for ages 30-60. Similarly estimated upperbound cancer risks due to inhalation of shower aerosols from water containing 2-10 mg Cr(VI)/L over the same exposure period ranged from 0.9 to 5.5 per million. Our calculations demonstrate that shower aerosols do not contribute appreciably to background Cr(VI) exposures and risks, even at concentrations exceeding 2 mg Cr(VI)/L, which exhibit a discernible and unaesthetic yellow color that may limit the potential for long-term exposures of this type. We conclude that exposure to indoor aerosols from water containing Cr(VI) is unlikely to create a health hazard at concentrations up to 10 mg Cr(VI)/L. Furthermore, these aerosol measurements may be relevant to estimating airborne exposures to other nonvolatile chemicals.
开展了实地研究，以估算在室内住宅使用配备含六价铬[Cr(VI)]水的淋浴器或蒸发冷却器期间吸入的六价铬气溶胶的可能摄入量。在蒸发冷却器研究中，六价铬浓度为20毫克/升的水并未导致空气中六价铬浓度增加。在使用24小时期间测得的室内空气中六价铬浓度为0.3 - 2.7纳克/立方米，与同时期的室外浓度大致相同。在淋浴器研究中，当六价铬的水浓度为0.89至11.5毫克/升时，呼吸区高度处六价铬气溶胶的平均空气浓度范围为87至324纳克六价铬/立方米。空气中的六价铬浓度与水浓度直接相关。利用本研究中的测量数据和已发布的暴露指南，计算了30年住宅暴露对应的终生平均每日剂量和增量癌症风险估计值。对于0至30岁暴露的人，与持续暴露于室外空气中“背景”六价铬相关的可能终生癌症风险估计上限为百万分之6.9，30至60岁为百万分之4.0。同样，在相同暴露期内，因吸入含2至10毫克六价铬/升水产生的淋浴气溶胶而估计的癌症风险上限范围为百万分之0.9至5.5。我们的计算表明，即使在浓度超过2毫克六价铬/升时，淋浴气溶胶对背景六价铬暴露和风险的贡献也不大，浓度超过2毫克六价铬/升时会呈现出明显且不美观的黄色，这可能会限制此类长期暴露的可能性。我们得出结论，暴露于含六价铬的水中产生的室内气溶胶，在浓度高达10毫克六价铬/升时不太可能造成健康危害。此外，这些气溶胶测量结果可能与估算空气中其他非挥发性化学物质的暴露情况相关。
