Sachdeva A K
Department of Surgery, Medical College of Pennsylvania and Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
J Cancer Educ. 1996 Summer;11(2):106-18. doi: 10.1080/08858199609528405.
Effective feedback plays a critical role in helping adult learners achieve their educational goals and reach their maximum potential. It should be an integral part of every adult education program. Both formal and informal feedback should be provided by teachers, based on the underpinnings of effective feedback techniques. The feedback source, message, and recipient exert influences on the process and must be considered in this context. For maximum impact, the source of feedback must be considered credible and trustworthy by the recipient. The message should provide clear information about performance standards and the performance of the student, in order to elucidate any differences. Positive information should be shared before negative information, and the feedback should be specific, objective, consistent, and timely. The environment in which feedback is provided must be supportive, and should encourage an open dialog between the teacher and the student. Both parties should discuss various items in a spirit of collaboration, and clearly define the goals that need to be achieved. A plan for follow-up and ongoing reinforcement must be developed and implemented. In addition to oral and written feedback, other modes of providing feedback, such as computers, audiotapes, and videotapes, should be considered, and used as appropriate. Skills of faculty members in providing effective feedback may be enhanced through faculty-development programs, such as workshops and self-study modules.
有效的反馈在帮助成人学习者实现其教育目标并发挥其最大潜力方面起着关键作用。它应该是每个成人教育项目不可或缺的一部分。教师应基于有效反馈技巧的基础，提供正式和非正式的反馈。反馈的来源、信息和接受者都会对这一过程产生影响，必须在这种背景下加以考虑。为了产生最大影响，反馈的来源必须被接受者认为是可信和值得信赖的。信息应提供有关绩效标准和学生表现的明确信息，以阐明任何差异。正面信息应在负面信息之前分享，并且反馈应该具体、客观、一致且及时。提供反馈的环境必须是支持性的，并且应该鼓励教师和学生之间进行开放的对话。双方应以合作的精神讨论各项内容，并明确界定需要实现的目标。必须制定并实施后续跟进和持续强化的计划。除了口头和书面反馈外，还应考虑并酌情使用其他提供反馈的方式，如计算机、录音带和录像带。教师提供有效反馈的技能可通过教师发展项目得到提高，如研讨会和自学模块。
