Richards A, French C C, Harris P
Department of Psychology, University of London, UK.
Memory. 1996 Jan;4(1):49-58. doi: 10.1080/741940664.
French and Richards (1993) found that subjects asked to draw from memory a clock that had Roman numerals on its face typically represented the number four on the clock face as "IV" rather than the correct "IIII", whereas those merely asked to copy it typically drew "IIII". The current experiments followed the methodology of French and Richards, but then went on to examine the subsequent memorial representation of the number four. Subjects drew a clock with Roman numerals on its face, either from memory (with or without forewarning) or while the clock remained in full view. Subsequently, subjects were asked to recall the exact form in which the numbers were represented on the clock (Experiment 1) or were asked to recognise which of two clocks had been presented earlier (Experiment 2). Findings supported the idea that subjects in the copy condition were more likely than subjects in other conditions to draw the clock without invoking schematic knowledge of Roman numerals. The basic effect reported by French and Richards was replicated in both experiments. Furthermore, in both experiments, subjects who correctly drew the clock with the number four represented as "IIII" were more likely to misrepresent it as "IV" in the subsequent memory task if they were in the copy condition rather than the two memory conditions. The results are interpreted in terms of schema theory.
弗伦奇和理查兹（1993年）发现，被要求凭记忆画出一个表盘上有罗马数字的时钟的受试者，通常会把表盘上的数字4表示为“IV”，而不是正确的“IIII”，而那些只是被要求临摹的受试者通常会画成“IIII”。当前的实验沿用了弗伦奇和理查兹的方法，但接着继续研究数字4随后的记忆表征。受试者画出一个表盘上有罗马数字的时钟，要么凭记忆（有或没有预先提示），要么当时钟完全可见时进行临摹。随后，要求受试者回忆时钟上数字呈现的确切形式（实验1），或者要求他们辨认出两个时钟中哪个是之前呈现过的（实验2）。研究结果支持了这样一种观点，即临摹条件下的受试者比其他条件下的受试者更有可能在不调用罗马数字示意图知识的情况下画出时钟。弗伦奇和理查兹报告的基本效应在两个实验中都得到了重现。此外，在两个实验中，如果处于临摹条件而非两种记忆条件下，正确画出数字4表示为“IIII”的时钟的受试者，在随后的记忆任务中更有可能将其错误地表示为“IV”。研究结果依据图式理论进行了解释。
