Carotid endartectomy.

This article provides an in-depth review of carotid endarterectomy for the treatment of occlusive carotid disease. Topics range from preoperative diagnostic assessment to postoperative complications. Key issues related to operative management, including anesthetic technique, intraoperative monitoring, cerebral protection, anticoagulation therapy, and intraluminal shunting, are emphasized. Operative techniques are discussed and illustrated in detail.