Stegelmeier B L, Gardner D R, James L F, Panter K E, Molyneux R J
USDA Agricultural Research Service, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT, USA.
Vet Pathol. 1996 Jan;33(1):22-8. doi: 10.1177/030098589603300103.
Ponderosa pine needles cause abortion and a poorly described toxicosis when eaten by cattle. In previous trials, the abortifacient compound of pine needles was identified as isocupressic acid. At abortifacient doses, isocupressic acid caused no other toxicosis. However, other pine needle fractions, similar in composition to several commercially available rosin products, caused no abortion but were very toxic. The purpose of this study was to describe the toxicoses of ponderosa pine, compare its toxicity with other rosin and related pine products, and identify the toxin. Four groups of three pregnant beef cows each were treated with either ponderosa pine tips, rosin gum, dehydroabietic acid, or ground alfalfa. The cows treated with pine tips aborted, had retained placentas with endometritis, and developed both renal and neurologic lesions. The cattle treated with rosin gum or dehydroabietic acid did not abort but developed similar signs and lesions of intoxication. Clinical signs of intoxication included anorexia, mild rumen acidosis, dyspnea, paresis progressing to paralysis, and death. Clinical biochemical results, suggestive of renal, hepatic, and muscular disease, included azotemia, hypercreatinemia, hyperphosphatemia, proteinuria, and marked elevations of various serum enzymes. Histologically, all poisoned animals had nephrosis, vacuolation of basal ganglia neuropil with patchy perivascular and myelinic edema, and skeletal myonecrosis. The alfalfa-treated controls were normal. These findings suggest that ponderosa pine needles and tips are both abortifacient and toxic. Because the lesions caused by pine tips, rosin gum, and dehydroabietic acid are similar, toxicosis is most likely due to the diterpene abietane acids, common in all three.
黄松针被牛食用后会导致流产和一种描述不清的中毒症状。在之前的试验中，已确定松针的堕胎化合物为异海松酸。在堕胎剂量下，异海松酸不会引发其他中毒症状。然而，其他与几种市售松香产品成分相似的松针馏分不会导致流产，但毒性很强。本研究的目的是描述黄松的中毒情况，将其毒性与其他松香及相关松类产品进行比较，并确定毒素。四组怀孕的肉牛，每组三头，分别用黄松梢、松香、脱氢枞酸或苜蓿粉进行处理。用松梢处理的母牛流产，胎盘滞留并伴有子宫内膜炎，同时出现肾脏和神经病变。用松香或脱氢枞酸处理的牛没有流产，但出现了类似的中毒症状和病变。中毒的临床症状包括厌食、轻度瘤胃酸中毒、呼吸困难、进行性麻痹直至瘫痪以及死亡。临床生化结果提示存在肾脏、肝脏和肌肉疾病，包括氮血症、血肌酐升高、血磷升高、蛋白尿以及各种血清酶显著升高。组织学检查显示，所有中毒动物都有肾病、基底节神经纤维网空泡化并伴有散在的血管周围和髓鞘水肿，以及骨骼肌坏死。用苜蓿粉处理的对照组正常。这些发现表明黄松针和松梢既有堕胎作用又有毒性。由于松梢、松香和脱氢枞酸引起的病变相似，中毒很可能是由于这三种物质中常见的二萜枞酸类化合物所致。
