The folded state of long duplex-DNA chain reflects its solution history.

The higher-order structure of compacted single giant DNA induced by complexation with polypeptide (poly-Arg) in NaCl solution was investigated using fluorescence microscopy. As the poly-Arg concentration increased, the mean size of extended DNA chains gradually decreased. In the presence of excess poly-Arg, individual DNA chains collapsed into compact globules, and the degree of collapse of the DNA chains depended not only on the concentration of poly-Arg, but also on the time course of the addition of poly-Arg and NaCl, indicating that the structure of the collapsed DNA is not determined simply according to the minimum free energy. We discuss theoretically the presence of multiple-stationary states based on a consideration of simple kinetics in the process of binding. Depending on the past history, the number of poly-Arg and Na+ that bind to each DNA changes markedly. This interesting characteristic of long DNA is discussed in relation to the possible mechanism of self-regulation of gene expression in living cells.