Preuschoft S, van Hooff J A
University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Folia Primatol (Basel). 1995;65(3):121-37. doi: 10.1159/000156878.
The applicability of previously established criteria for identifying homologous behavioural traits to the ritualized facial displays of primates is discussed and illustrated with several examples. (1) Homologizing of facial displays is based on (a) their stereotypy, (b) their nature as compounds of individual facial actions, and--to a lesser extent--(c) the homology of the muscle substrate by which the displays are accomplished. (2) Sequences of gradually changing displays ('Merkmalsreihen') can be constructed by considering related extant species, different ontogenetic stages, and variation and blends of the underlying motivations. (3) The pattern of distribution of the display in the primate phylogenetic tree reflects the direction of changes ('Lesrichtung'), and thus yields insights into the phylogeny of the displays. (4) The behavioural context of a display reflects its motivational embedding and is inseparable from its function. Therefore the behavioural context does not differentiate between similarities due to common descent and similarities due to identical function.
本文讨论了先前确立的用于识别同源行为特征的标准在灵长类动物仪式化面部表情中的适用性，并通过几个例子进行了说明。（1）面部表情的同源性基于以下几点：（a）它们的刻板性；（b）它们作为个体面部动作组合的性质，以及在较小程度上基于（c）实现这些表情的肌肉基质的同源性。（2）通过考虑相关现存物种、不同个体发育阶段以及潜在动机的变化和融合，可以构建逐渐变化的表情序列（“特征系列”）。（3）表情在灵长类系统发育树中的分布模式反映了变化的方向（“解读方向”），从而有助于深入了解表情的系统发育。（4）表情的行为背景反映了其动机嵌入，并且与其功能不可分割。因此，行为背景无法区分由于共同祖先导致的相似性和由于相同功能导致的相似性。
