Fry-O'Brien L L, Mulla M S
Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA.
J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1996 Sep;12(3 Pt 1):446-53.
Tadpole shrimp (TPS) were reared at 15, 20, 25, and 30 degrees C in the laboratory. Size of TPS was temperature and age dependent with more rapid development at warmer temperatures. Survivorship was inversely related to rearing temperature. Mean age at death was 24.2, 19.2, 14.3, and 11.8 days at 15, 20, 25, and 30 degrees C, respectively. Rearing temperature (excluding 15 degrees C) did not affect lifetime fecundity, but larger TPS laid more eggs than smaller ones. Tadpole shrimp began ovipositing earlier at higher temperatures, and at a smaller size than their counterparts in lower temperatures. Mean age at reproductive maturity was 18.8, 13.1, and 10.2 days and mean carapace length was 10.8, 11.0, and 10.3 at 20, 25, and 30 degrees C, respectively. Embryogenesis required a minimum of 3 days for completion. Hatching rates during the first hydration decreased with increasing egg batch number produced by individuals, ranging from a mean of 74% for the first batch to 31% for the 5th batch. Cumulative hatching rates of eggs after 2 hydrations were consistent across temperatures and egg batches (79 +/- 2%).
在实验室中，将鲎虫饲养在15、20、25和30摄氏度的环境下。鲎虫的大小取决于温度和年龄，温度越高发育越快。存活率与饲养温度呈负相关。在15、20、25和30摄氏度下，平均死亡年龄分别为24.2天、19.2天、14.3天和11.8天。饲养温度（不包括15摄氏度）不影响终生繁殖力，但体型较大的鲎虫比体型较小的产卵更多。鲎虫在较高温度下开始产卵的时间更早，且体型比低温环境下的同类更小。在20、25和30摄氏度下，达到生殖成熟的平均年龄分别为18.8天、13.1天和10.2天，平均甲壳长度分别为10.8、11.0和10.3。胚胎发育至少需要3天才能完成。首次水化过程中的孵化率随着个体产出卵批次数量的增加而降低，从第一批卵的平均74%降至第五批卵的31%。两次水化后卵的累积孵化率在不同温度和卵批次间保持一致（79±2%）。
