Terrados N, Maughan R J
Fundacion Deportiva Municipal, Sabino Alvarez Jendin, Aviles, Spain.
J Sports Sci. 1995 Summer;13 Spec No:S55-62. doi: 10.1080/02640419508732278.
Exercise in the heat is usually associated with reduced performance; both dehydration and hyperthermia adversely affect mental and physical performance. For athletes from temperate climates, the negative effects of heat had humidity can be attenuated by a period of acclimatization. This requires up to 10-14 days. Endurance-trained individuals already show some of the adaptations that accompany acclimatization, but further adaptation occurs with training in the heat. Prior dehydration has a negative effect even on exercise of short duration where sweat losses are small. The athlete must begin exercise fully hydrated and regular ingestion of fluids is beneficial where the exercise duration exceeds 40 min. Dilute carbohydrate-electrolyte (sodium) drinks are best for fluid replacement and also supply some substrate for the exercising muscles. Post-exercise rehydration requires electrolyte as well as volume replacement. In extreme conditions, neither acclimatization nor fluid replacement will allow hard exercise to be performed without some risk of heat illness.
在炎热环境中进行运动通常与运动表现下降有关；脱水和体温过高都会对精神和身体表现产生不利影响。对于来自温带气候地区的运动员来说，一段时间的适应性训练可以减轻高温和湿度带来的负面影响。这需要长达10至14天的时间。耐力训练有素的个体已经表现出一些与适应性训练相关的适应性变化，但在炎热环境中训练会出现进一步的适应。即使在汗液流失很少的短时间运动中，先前的脱水也会产生负面影响。运动员必须在充分补水的状态下开始运动，并且当运动持续时间超过40分钟时，定期摄入液体是有益的。稀释的碳水化合物 - 电解质（钠）饮料最适合用于补充液体，同时也为运动中的肌肉提供一些底物。运动后补液需要补充电解质以及补充液体量。在极端情况下，无论是适应性训练还是液体补充都无法保证在不发生中暑风险的情况下进行高强度运动。
