Nagatomo S, Leisman G
Department of Religion, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
J Med Philos. 1996 Aug;21(4):439-66. doi: 10.1093/jmp/21.4.439.
This paper addresses a need to re-examine the mind-body dualism established since Descartes. Descartes' dualism has been regarded by modern philosophers as an extremely insufficient solution to the problem of mind and body, from which is derived a long opposition in modern epistomology between idealism and empiricism. This dualism, bifurcating the region of spirit and matter, and the dichotomous models of thinking based on this dualism, have long dominated the world of modern philosophy and science. The paper examines states of conscious experience from an East Asian perspective allowing analysis on achieved supernormal consciousness rather than a focus on "normal" or "subnormal." The nature of the "transformation" of human consciousness will be studied both philosophically, as a transformation from "provisional" dualism to non-dualism, and neurophysiologically. The theoretical structure of the transformation will, in part, be examined through the model provided by a Japanese medieval Zen master, Takuan Sôhô. Then, to verify Takuan's theoretical explanation, toposcopic analysis of electroencephalographs will be presented of the performance of individuals practicing the martial arts technique of tôate.
本文探讨了重新审视自笛卡尔以来确立的身心二元论的必要性。笛卡尔的二元论被现代哲学家视为对身心问题极为不充分的解决方案，由此在现代认识论中衍生出了唯心主义与经验主义之间长期的对立。这种将精神与物质领域一分为二的二元论，以及基于此二元论的二分思维模式，长期主导着现代哲学和科学界。本文从东亚视角审视意识体验状态，允许对已实现的超常意识进行分析，而非聚焦于“正常”或“低于正常”。人类意识“转变”的本质将从哲学角度进行研究，即从“暂定”的二元论向非二元论的转变，同时也将从神经生理学角度进行研究。这种转变的理论结构将部分通过日本中世纪禅宗大师高泉性澄提供的模型进行审视。然后，为了验证高泉的理论解释，将展示对练习“刀打”武术技巧的个体进行脑电图的局部分析。
